Matrices

Inputting and including files

The standard tools to insert a LaTeX file into another are and .

command

Use this command in the document body to insert the contents of another file named ; this file should not contain any LaTeX preamble code (i.e. no , or ). LaTeX won’t start a new page before processing the material in . allows you to nest commands, in files that are already being inputted by the root file.

command

Use this command in the document body to insert the contents of another file named ; again this file should not contain any LaTeX preamble.
LaTeX will start a new page before processing the material input from .
Make sure not to include the extension in the filename, as this will stop the file from being input (the extension can optionally be included with and ). It is not possible to nest commands. Each file that gets d has its own .aux file storing information of created labels and contents for the table of contents, list of figures, etc. You can use with a comma separated list of file names (make sure that there are no leading or trailing spaces). If you do this LaTeX will only process the files contained in that list. This can be used to enhance compilation speed if you’re only working on a small part of a bigger document. Page numbers and cross references will however still work, as the .aux files of left out files will still be processed.

Positioning tables

Positioning a table is easy if they’re inside a float environment.

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Below is a table positioned exactly here:
\begin{table}
\centering
 \begin{tabular}{||c c c c||} 
 \hline
 Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\  
 \hline\hline
 1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\ 
 2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
 3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
 4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
 5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\  
 \hline
 \end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{document}

The parameter passed to the table environment declaration establishes that this table must be placed here, and override LaTeX defaults. The positioning parameters that can be passed-in include:

Will place the table here approximately.

Position the table at the top of the page.

Position the table at the bottom of the page.

Put the table in a special page, for tables only.

Override internal LaTeX parameters.

Place the table at this precise location, pretty much like h!.

For further examples on table positioning see the Positioning images and tables article.

In this example there are a few more commands:

Centres the table relative to the float container element.

This adds extra space to the cell.

Creating a simple table in LaTeX

The environment provides additional flexibility; for example, you can put separator lines in between each column:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c| } 
 \hline
 cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\ 
 cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\ 
 cell7 & cell8 & cell9 \\ 
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

Here is a description of the constructions used in the example above:

This declares that three columns, separated by a vertical line, are going to be used in the table. Each means that the contents of the column will be centred. You can also use to align the text to the right and for left alignment.

This will insert a horizontal line on top of the table and at the bottom too. There is no restriction on the number of times you can use .

Each is a cell separator and the double-backslash sets the end of this row.

Below you can see a second example which uses various vertical and horizontal lines (often called «rules»):

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||c c c c||} 
 \hline
 Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\  
 \hline\hline
 1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\ 
 \hline
 2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
 \hline
 3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
 \hline
 4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
 \hline
 5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\  
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

Comparing \raggedright (LaTeX) vs \RaggedRight (ragged2e)

The LaTeX command sometimes produces results that appear to look «too ragged». The package tackles this problem by allowing hyphenation when a line is too short, generating a more uniformly ragged text-edge. The following example shows ragged-right text produced via the LaTeX command and, for comparison, the same text typeset using the command provided by :

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{blindtext}

\begin{document}
\setlength{\hsize}{0.9\hsize}% emphasize effects

\subsection*{Left-aligned example with 
\texttt{\string\raggedright}\\ (standard \LaTeX{} command)}
\raggedright\blindtext\par

\subsection*{Left-aligned example with \texttt{\string\RaggedRight}\\ (\texttt{ragged2e} command)}
\RaggedRight\blindtext\par 
\end{document}

Скачать TeXlive

Две ссылки, показанные ниже, перейдут на ту же страницу доступности TeX Live. Я скачал установщик последней версии TeXlive2018.

Многие блогеры говорят, что этот метод очень медленный, но из моего опыта работы с различными установками программного обеспечения, сжатие и распаковка этого метода установки программного обеспечения подвержены ошибкам. Новички часто тратят много времени на настройку и отладку, или Будет задействован более профессиональный контент конфигурации. Разные учебники иногда имеют разную конфигурацию контента, что приводит людей в замешательство. Неофициальный пакет сжатия веб-сайтов не может даже гарантировать его подлинность и безопасность. Поэтому при установке TeXlive рекомендуется использовать установщик, ведь рекомендуемые должны иметь причины его преимуществ.

Reference guide

Parameters for the command

Title to be typeset at the beginning of the specific index. An example is presented in .

If this option is passed, the index title is put in the table of contents.

Uses the syntax key=value, the value must be an integer representing the number of columns. The default value is 2.

Specifies units that represent the separation between the columns. The syntax must be key=value, for example columnsep=2em.

If option is passed, a vertical ruler will be rendered between the columns.

Keys to create style files

The next table shows the keys, default values and descriptions to create .ist style files.

key	Description
	‘@’ Symbol indicating that the next entry is to appear in the output file.
	‘}’ Closing delimiter for the index entry argument.
	‘{‘ Opening delimiter for the index entry argument.
	‘ Symbol indicating that the rest of the argument list is to be used as the encapsulating command for the page number.
	‘\\’ Symbol which escapes the following letter, unless its preceding symbol is itself an escape symbol. Note: quote is used to escape the letter which immediately follows it, but if it is preceded by an escape symbol, it is treated as an ordinary character. These two symbols must be distinct.
	«\\indexentry» Command which tells makeindex that its argument is an index entry.
	‘!’ Delimiter denoting a new level of subitem.
	‘»‘ Note: quote is used to escape the letter which immediately follows it, but if it is preceded by an escape symbol, it is treated as an ordinary character. These two symbols must be distinct.
	‘)’ Closing delimiter indicating the end of an explicit page range.
	‘(‘ Opening delimiter indicating the beginning of an explicit page range.
	«\\begin{theindex}\n» Preamble of the output file.
	«\n\n\\end{theindex}\n» Postamble of the output file.
	«\n \\setcounter{page}{» Prefix of the command which sets the starting page number.
	«}\n» Suffix of the command which sets the starting page number.
	«\n\n \\indexspace\n» Vertical space to be inserted before a new group begins.
	0 Flag indicating treatment of new group headers, which are inserted before a new group (symbols, numbers, and the 26 letters): positive values cause an uppercase letter to be inserted between prefix and suffix, and negative values cause a lowercase letter to be inserted (default is 0, which produces no header).
	«» Header prefix to be inserted before a new letter begins.
	«Symbols» Heading for symbols to be inserted if headings_flag is positive.
	«symbols» Heading for symbols to be inserted if headings_flag is negative.
	«Numbers» Heading for numbers to be inserted if headings_flag is positive.
	«numbers» Heading for numbers to be inserted if headings_flag is negative.
	«\n \\item » Command to be inserted between two primary (level 0) items.
	«\n \\subitem » Command to be inserted between two secondary (level 1) items.
	«\n \\subsubitem » Command to be inserted between two level 2 items.
	«\n \\subitem » Command to be inserted between a level 0 item and a level 1 item.
	«\n \\subitem » Command to be inserted between a level 0 item and a level 1 item, where the level 0 item does not have associated page numbers.
	«\n \\subsubitem » Command to be inserted between a level 1 item and a level 2 item.
	«\n \\subsubitem » Command to be inserted between a level 1 item and a level 2 item, where the level 1 item does not have associated page numbers.
	«, » Delimiter to be inserted between a level 0 key and its first page number (default: comma followed by a blank).
	«, » Delimiter to be inserted between a level 1 key and its first page number (default: comma followed by a blank).
	«, » Delimiter to be inserted between a level 2 key and its first page number (default: comma followed by a blank).
	«, » Delimiter to be inserted between two page numbers for the same key in any level (default: comma followed by a blank).
	«—» Delimiter to be inserted between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
	«» Delimiter to be inserted at the end of a page list. This delimiter does not effect entries which have no associated page list.
	«\\» First part of prefix for the command which encapsulates the page number.
	«{» Second part of prefix for the command which encapsulates the page number.
	«}». Suffix for the command which encapsulates the page number.
	72 Maximum length of a line in the output, beyond which a line wraps.
	«\t\t» Space to be inserted in front of a wrapped line (default: two tabs).
	16 Length of indent_space (default: 16, equivalent to 2 tabs).

Reference guide

Additional line-breaking commands

\\*
(two backslashes and an asterisk)

breaks the line at the point of the command and additionally prohibits a page break after the forced line break.

\break

breaks the line without filling the current line. This will result in very bad formatting if you do not fill the line yourself. To fill the line, we can use it as given below.

\hfill\break

This will produce the same result as \newline and \\.

Additionally, LaTeX provides the following advanced option for line break.

\linebreak

It breaks the line at the point of the command. The number provided as an argument represents the priority of the command in a range of 0 to 4. (0 means it will be easily ignored and 4 means do it anyway). When this line break option is used, LaTeX will try to produce the best line breaks possible.

Environments to centre text

The default LaTeX environment for producing centred text is . The equivalent in is called (note capitalization). The following example compares the output of those environments:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\begin{document}
\setlength{\hsize}{0.9\hsize}% emphasize effects

\subsection*{\texttt{center} environment: (standard \LaTeX{})}

\begin{center}
\blindtext
\end{center}

\subsection*{\texttt{Center} environment: (\texttt{ragged2e})}
\begin{Center}
\blindtext
\end{Center}
\end{document}

Adding borders

The tabular environment is more flexible, you can put separator lines in between each column.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c| } 
 \hline
 cell1 & cell2 & cell3 \\ 
 cell4 & cell5 & cell6 \\ 
 cell7 & cell8 & cell9 \\ 
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

You can add borders using the horizontal line command and the vertical line parameter .

{ |c|c|c| }: This declares that three columns, separated by a vertical line, are going to be used in the table. The | symbol specifies that these columns should be separated by a vertical line.

\hline: This will insert a horizontal line. We have included horizontal lines at the top and bottom of the table here. There is no restriction on the number of times you can use \hline.

Below you can see a second example.

\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{||c c c c||} 
 \hline
 Col1 & Col2 & Col2 & Col3 \\  
 \hline\hline
 1 & 6 & 87837 & 787 \\ 
 \hline
 2 & 7 & 78 & 5415 \\
 \hline
 3 & 545 & 778 & 7507 \\
 \hline
 4 & 545 & 18744 & 7560 \\
 \hline
 5 & 88 & 788 & 6344 \\  
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

Display math mode

Use one of these constructions to typeset maths in display mode:

Display math mode has two versions which produce numbered or unnumbered equations. Let’s look at a basic example:

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation

\

discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein. 
In natural units ($c$ = 1), the formula expresses the identity

\begin{equation}
E=m
\end{equation}
\end{document}

Another example

The following example uses the environment which is provided by the package—see the article for more information.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath} % for the equation* environment
\begin{document}

This is a simple math expression \(\sqrt{x^2+1}\) inside text. 
And this is also the same: 
\begin{math}
\sqrt{x^2+1}
\end{math}
but by using another command.

This is a simple math expression without numbering
\ 
separated from text.

This is also the same:
\begin{displaymath}
\sqrt{x^2+1}
\end{displaymath}

\ldots and this:
\begin{equation*}
\sqrt{x^2+1}
\end{equation*}

\end{document}

Reference guide

Below is a table with some common maths symbols. For a more complete list see the List of Greek letters and math symbols:

description	code	examples
Greek letters		$$ \alpha \ \beta \ \gamma \ \rho \ \sigma \ \delta \ \epsilon $$
Binary operators
Relation operators
Others

Different classes of mathematical symbols are characterized by different formatting (for example, variables are italicized, but operators are not) and different spacing.

Редакторы[править]

Для редактирования исходных текстов TeX/LaTeX можно использовать любой текстовый редактор, но для удобства вам будет желательно иметь ряд дополнительных возможностей: подсветку синтаксиса, поддержку навигации по заголовкам, автодополнение и т. д. Таблица со сравнением характеристик различных редакторов LaTeX есть в Википедии.

Atomправить

Специализированныеправить

Скриншот TeXworks в ОС Ubuntu 12.10.

В состав TeX Live входит простой редактор TeXworks, обеспечивающий подстветку синтаксиса, компиляцию и предварительный просмотр PDF.

TeXmaker и TeXstudioправить

Скриншот TeXstudio.

• Подсветка синтаксиса.
• Автодополнение команд.
• Умная компиляция: если требуется повторная компиляция для обновления ссылок или оглавления, то редактор сделает это автоматически.
• Свёртка элементов: разделов, формул и других окружений.
• Проверка орфографии. Словарь русского языка не входит в комплект, предлагается установить словарь с сайта расширений для LibreOffice.
• Навигация. Редактор распознаёт команды секций в документе и выводит панель навигации.
• Управление ссылками и метками. При создании ссылки на метку или элемент библиографии редактор выводит список меток в документе.
• Мастер создания и редактирования таблиц.

LyXправить

Скриншот LyX 2.1.x в ОС Windows.

Проверим функцию на чётность и нечётность с помощью соотношений f = f(-x) и f = -f(-x).
Итак, проверяем:
$$\frac{x^{2} — 1}{x — 1} = \frac{x^{2} — 1}{- x — 1}$$
— Нет
$$\frac{x^{2} — 1}{x — 1} = — \frac{x^{2} — 1}{- x — 1}$$

The LaTeX Git Repository

These days the LaTeX development sources are kept in a GitHub
repository (previously we used SVN).

Anyone can access it and download the files, but
submission is restricted to team members. The repository is located at
https://github.com/latex3/latex2e
and from that browser page you may explore the files, clone the
repository or download the files in a archive (roughly 25Mb) by
using the appropriate buttons.

If you are familiar with Git you can also clone the repository using the
command line or your favorite Git fontend tool, e.g.,

which needs about 50Mb of space.
Alternatively, you can do a Subversion checkout from the command line, e.g.,

which will just checkout the current files.
But be aware that a SVN checkout of the form

will download all files including their
history (back to 2009) and amounts to roughly 1.4Gb so that is quite large.

Note: If you had bookmarked the old SVN repository please update that
bookmark to the new GIT repository as we have finally removed it.

A note on Git pull requests

Git repositories support distributed development and allow people to
provide change sets that are made available through so called pull
requests, so that the maintainers of a program can “pull the suggested
changes” into the main repository.

While we appreciate contributions, we think that for the core LaTeX
software pull requests are usually not a good approach (unless the
change has be already discussed and agreed upon).
The stability of LaTeX is very important and this means that changes to
the kernel are necessarily very conservative. It also means that a lot
of discussion has to happen before any changes are made. So if you do
decide to post a pull request, please bear this in mind: we do
appreciate ideas, but cannot always integrate them into the kernel and
it is quite likely that we reject updates made in this way.

If you want to discuss a possible contribution before (or instead of)
making a pull request, we suggest you raise the topic first on
or drop a
line to the team.

Page breaks

There are two commands to insert page breaks, and . Below is an example using .

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{inputenc}

\begin{document}
Something in this document. This paragraph contains no information and 
its purposes is to provide an example on how to insert white spaces 
and lines breaks.\\
When a line break is inserted, the text is not indented, there are a 
couple of extra commands do line breaks. \newline
This paragraph provides no information whatsoever. We are exploring 
line breaks. \hfill \break
And combining two commands
...
...

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{overleaf-logo}
\caption{Overleaf logo}
\end{figure}

Hello,  here  is  some  text  without  a  meaning...
\clearpage

If the command is used, and there are stacked floating elements, such as tables or figures, they will be flushed out before starting the new page. In the example above the same image is inserted three times. Since the page break is inserted before all the figures are displayed, remaining images are inserted in an empty page before continuing with the text below the break point.

If this is not what you need, you can use instead.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{inputenc}

\begin{document}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{inputenc}

\begin{document}
Something in this document. This paragraph contains no information and 
its purposes is to provide an example on how to insert white spaces 
and lines breaks.\\
When a line break is inserted, the text is not indented, there are a 
couple of extra commands do line breaks. \newline
This paragraph provides no information whatsoever. We are exploring 
line breaks. \hfill \break
And combining two commands
...
...

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{overleaf-logo}
\caption{Overleaf logo}
\end{figure}

Hello,  here  is  some  text  without  a  meaning...
\newpage

In this case the images are placed in the new page trying to fit the text flow.

Featured

MSc or PhD Dissertation Template (Originally for the University of Malta)
A modern dissertation (or thesis) LaTeX template. Originally used during my D.Phil. at the University of Oxford. Now updated to be used by students at the University of Malta. Easily customizable, so trivial to change colours and logos for your own institution.

Github repo:
https://github.com/jp-um/university_of_malta_LaTeX_dissertation_template

Get in touch if you find anything untoward or have any questions (or want to buy me beer).
Dr Jean-Paul Ebejer

HenriquesLab bioRxiv template
This is a gorgeous template for bioRxiv pre-prints.

An example manuscript using it can be found here.
Ricardo Henriques

A quick guide to LaTeX

Know the LaTeX command you want to use but can’t remember how to write it?

Here we present a great tips sheet produced by Dave Richeson; it’s pre-loaded in Overleaf so you can see how the commands work instantly.

Simply click on the button above to open a version in Overleaf for editing (and to quickly copy and paste the commands you need!).

For more comments visit this page on Dave’s site, or if you’d like to work through a fuller introduction to LaTeX why not check out our free online course?

Example by Division by Zero

Basic Academic Journal Article Template
This is a basic journal article template which includes metadata fields for multiple authors, affiliations and keywords.

It is also set up to use the lineno package for line numbers; these can be turned on by adding the ‘lineno’ option to the documentclass command.
John Hammersley

Набор формул в LaTeX

Есть два стандартных окружения для ввода формул: Первый и Второй

Если вы не собираетесь ссылаться на формулу в дальнейшем, то
достаточно поставить два знака доллара $ $ , а между ними написать формулу, например:

Такую простую формулу, можно было бы и без окружения написать, но уже для
использования индексов окружение необходимо.
Чтобы LaTeX дал формуле номер (он делает это
автоматически) нужно окружение

В этом окружении также можно использовать \label{} чтобы ставить метки.

Если ваша формула очень будет занимать несколько строк окружение нужно заменить на:

Вместо слов «Ваша формула» нужно написать нужное уравнение.

Как правильно написать уравнение Вы можете узнать из параграфа:

Creating your first LEd project

Project based on a template

To create a project based on a template please choose File\New from the menu and select
the Templates tab.
Here you can see a number of available document templates.
Let us select Paper, set the project name as MyPaper, leave
the Location unchanged, and press OK.
In a project tree you can see three files:

• MyPaper.tex—it is the main LaTeX source;
  in projects you can store more than one LaTeX source, but only one can be main (it is necessary to know which file should be
  compiled);
  the main file is marked with a green icon;
  (to select the main file in larger projects, you only need to right-click its name and choose from the popup menu
  Mark As Main);
• MyPaper.toc—it is an auxiliary file necessary to easily work the document’s table of contents;
• build.bat—it is a file used to build the whole project;
  you can change it if you need some special processing of the document.

Now, you should double-click on MyPaper.tex to see it in an editor window.
You can introduce some text into this file and when you finish you can save it.
LEd will ask you about the location of the project and its components.
When the project is saved, you can compile it.
To do this, press the green arrow speed button or use a shortcut Ctrl+F9.
If it succeeds, you can see the DVI file in a built-in DVI viewer, which can be seen by moving the splitter pane at the right
side of the LEd’s window.
If some errors appear, you can see the compilation log in the lower part of the main window.
There is also a Message window (to see it, please use the splitter pane shown at the lower side of
the LEd’s window), which stores the messages from the compilation.
You only need to double click the error message to move to this line of the source text in the editor.

Another project

To create a project which is not based on a template please choose from the menu File\New and select
the Projects tab.
Here you should select TeX/LaTeX — Project description file, give the project a name,
select a location, and press OK.
Now, you should choose from the menu File\New one more time and select
the Files tab.
Then, you should select TeX/LaTeX document, mark Add to project, choose
the project you created, give the file a name, and press OK.
Then, you can follow the same directions given in the previous section.

What next?

Now you can start writing your documents, and exploring LEd’s features which are not described here.
We are writing more detailed documentation of LEd, but unfortunately, you have to be patient, for it is in an early stage.

If you need some assistance with LaTeX, please visit our links page, where
a number of interesting books and documents are presented.

1.1 Названия

E EEEE

TEX произносится как <<тех>>. В среде ASCII TEX
нужно писать как TeX.

1.1.2 LATEX

AEAE E

Рис.:
Компоненты системы TEX

Позже LATEX был обновлен командой  LATEX3
во главе с  Frank Mittelbach. В нем
были сделаны некоторые давно ожидавшиеся улучшения, и вновь объединены
все варианты LATEX, разошедшиеся с выпуска много лет назад
 версии LATEX 2.09. Чтобы не путать
эту новую версию со старой, она называется  LATEX2_e. Эта документация описывает именно LATEX2_e.

LATEX произносится как <<лэйтех>> или как <<латех>>. Если вы
ссылаетесь на LATEX в ASCII окружении, пишите
LaTeX. LATEX2_e пишется как LaTeX2e.

Рисунок показывает,
. Он взят из wots.tex
Kees van der Laan.

Installing and Configuring LaTeX Editor (LEd)

Editing documents in Notepad is possible, but a specialized editor would make this task much easier.
There are several editors, but since you are at www.latexeditor.org you can probably guess 🙂
that we recommend our tool, LaTeX Editor (LEd).
The first step is to download the latest release of LEd from our
download page and install it.
The installation is rather easy.
If you are not an advanced user, please use an installer, which makes all the necessary things.
Advanced users may also use an alternative zip file.
Both versions contain, however, the same files.

The second step is to run LEd and configure it.
Therefore, run LEd.exe or use a shortcut from your desktop.
After running LEd for the first time, you will see the dialog box, in which you can select which file extensions should be associated
with LEd.
here you can also disable the option of showing this dialog box in the future.
Then, you should select from the menu
the option Configuration\Options.
This dialog window contains most of the configuration options.
Then, please follow:

• In the section Application, you should see the combo box entitled Language.
  It contains the name of LEd’s user interface language.
  The default value is Default, which means that the language is the same as operating system language.
  If it is impossible (LEd is now available only in American English, British English, Polish, and Russian) American English
  is used.
  Here, you can select the language you want—after closing the dialog box, the language will change.
• In the section Application\Directories, you can choose the directories used by LEd.
  You should change them only in special cases, when you know what you want to do.
  The only directory which you would probably want to change is Projects.
  This is the default directory, in which LEd’s projects will be stored.
• Setting proper values in the section Application\DVI Viewer is crucial if you want to use the
  built-in DVI viewer.
  Firstly, you should select your TeX distribution.
  We now show further configuration for two distributions.

  MiKTeX 2.4 choose TeX distribution to be MiKTeX2; after choosing this value most of the remaining fields should be set automatically, but please check them, set the value of TeX executables to a directory containing main TeX executables, like latex.exe; it should be something like C:\temmf\miktex\bin, the value of Font searching library should be set to MiKTeX-core-2.dll, the value of Font making script should be set to makepk.exe, the value of Fallback font should be set to cmr10, the value of Mode should be set to ljfour, the value of Resolution should be set to 600 dpi,

  TeXLive 2004 choose TeX distribution to be TeXLive2004; after choosing this value most of the remaining fields should be set automatically, but please check them, set the value of TeX executables to a directory containing main TeX executables, like latex.exe; it should be something like C:\Program Files\TeXLive\bin\win32, the value of Font searching library should be set to tl90kpse.dll, the value of Font making script should be set to mktexpk.exe, the value of Fallback font should be set to cmr10, the value of Mode should be set to ljfour, the value of Resolution should be set to 600 dpi.

• To enable showing EPS figures in DVI viewer you also need to set some other things:
  • the value of Temporary files should point to any directory which can be used for temporary files,
  • the value of GSDLL32.DLL library should point to a directory containing the Ghostscript binaries, i.e,
    the file gsdll32.dll, e.g., C:\Program Files\gs\gs8.14\bin,
  • to enable showing EPS figures you also need to check the option Show EPS figures.

Using the package ragged2e

To start with, here is an example using the package and its option to typeset the entire document text as ragged-right (left-aligned). The sample code adds the line

\usepackage{ragged2e}

to the document preamble:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{ragged2e}

\begin{document}
\section{Heading on Level 1 (section)}
Hello, here is some text without a meaning. This text should show what a printed text will look like at this place.  If you read this text, you will get no information.  Really?  Is there no information?  Is there a difference between this text and some nonsense like not at all!  A blind text like this gives you information about the selected font, how the letters are written and an impression of the look.
\end{document}

This example produces the following output:

Entries and sub-entries

As mentioned in the previous section, the command will add the word passed to it to the index, but this is not the only way it can be used.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontenc}
\usepackage{imakeidx}
\makeindex

\begin{document}
\section{Introduction}
In this example, several keywords\index{keywords} will be used 
which are important and deserve to appear in the Index\index{Index}.

Terms like generate\index{generate} and some\index{others} will also 
show up. Terms in the index can also be nested \index{Index!nested}

\clearpage

\section{Second section}
This second section\index{section} may include some special word, 
and expand the ones already used\index{keywords!used}.

\printindex
\end{document}

The following image shows the output produced by the example above:

It is a common practice to extend terms in the index to include special adjectives. For instance, the word Field may have a special meaning if preceded by the adjective finite or followed by of characteristic 0, and it may be a bit cumbersome to add different types of Fieldas separate entries in the index. For such cases, you can add an exclamation mark «!» that will add the terms after this mark as sub entries of the primary word Field.

In the example, the word «Index» has the word «nested» as sub-entry.

Основные математические операции и символы LaTeX

Здесь представлены те операции и символы, которые я использовал при написании диплома.

Перечень специальных символов доступных в LaTeX

^		Верхний индекс
^2	2	Это квадрат
U^{235}	U235	Индексы в два и более символа надо заключать в фигурные скобки
_		Нижний индекс
H_2	H2	Например, водород
O_{16}	O16	Молекула кислорода
\frac{dX_i}{dt}		Деление: в первых скобках числитель, во вторых скобках знаменатель
\ldots	…	Многоточие
\longrightarrow	→	Длинная стрелка слева направо
\bar		Верхняя черта над символом
\dot		Точка над символом
\sum	∑	Большой знак суммы
\prod\prod	∏	Большой знак произведения
\\		Пробел
\cdot \cdot	⋅	Знак умножения в виде точки
\times \times	×	Знак умножения крест
\int_{lower}^{upper} \int_{0}^{Q} \int_{lower}^{upper} \int_{0}^{Q}	Q∫0	Интеграл
Больше LaTeX символов здесь

Если непонятно как ставить пробел — изучите этот

Для того, чтобы создавать PDF файл нужно нажать кнопку dvi pdf.
Перед этим желательно скомпилировать пару раз подряд, чтобы все
ссылки расставились правильно.

Больше символов Вы можете найти в статье

Символы LaTeX